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    搭配同种或类似的f的技术,叫做“调和法”,而搭配异种尤其是相反的f时,便可称之为“对置法”。

    正如上文所说,调和法是第一、二、三种联想的变体,对置法是将第四种联想法加以扩大,第四种联想法的宗旨,是依靠某种共通性,将两种不相干的事物联结起来,并将其差异加以对照;对置法也依靠同样的方法,旨在唤起某种兴味。以下将这几个方法的关系加以辨析。

    调和法之于对置法,类似于第一、二、三种联想法之于第四种联想法。正如第一、二、三种和第四种一样,都产生于两要素之间的共通性;同样的,调和法和对置法也有极其接近的地方。不但如此,从某种意义上说,把后者视为前者的一个方面,也未尝不可。假若把调和分成阶段的话,一端须是完全相同的二物之配合,另一端又须是完全不同的二物之联结。对置就是指这一端而言。换言之,也就是消极的调和。两者的关系,就像死与生的关系。从另一方面来说,生与死不是相隔绝的二物,死不过是生的一个变相而已。忧苦也是生,愤怒也是生,同样地,意识内容空虚的时候也是生。恰如在x = a,x = b, etc.的时候,x = 0也无疑是x的一个价值。对置的时候也是一样。aa是重复的配合,ab是最密接的配合;以下ac, ad, ae等而至于az,都是一种配合。而对置法不过是两种极端的调和。因此,对置法与调和法,其间虽有显著的不同,但是再深究下去,其区别可就颇为复杂了。

    这样一来,在形式上,对置法虽然无妨看作是调和法的一个变种,但就其性质而言,本质上是积极与消极两极的配合,所以自然而然就要打破所谓调和,这是不言而喻的。我在前一章主张调和的必要,现在又说对置法,主张打破这种调和,认为这是文学中的必要的修辞方法,这恰似早上主张救人,晚上主张杀人一样,看上去似乎不免自相矛盾。然而,若是通读下文的论述,大体就会明白此两者最终并不是相互排斥的。

    对置法大致有三种:第一种是用b之f来缓和a之f的;第二种是对置的结果(即感兴)自然而然地与调和的结果达成一致;第三种类似于上述的第四联想法,多少带有滑稽趣味。对以上三种,姑且称第一种为“缓势法”,第二种为“强势法”,第三种为“不对法”。

    第一节 缓势法

    毫无疑问,在“人事的材料”与“天然的材料”两者之间,有“缓势”的必要。正如睡眠之于觉醒,意识活动的最清醒状态超过十二小时就难以承受了,自然就需要睡眠来缓和外界的刺激。又如泡菜之于肥肉。鳗鱼为最富于脂肪的油腻的食物,故用清素的泡菜为之缓和。鳗鱼馆子的泡菜是特别讲究的,以此足见此中道理了。常吃西餐的西洋人,饭后以水果为不可缺少的副食,这也似乎是依从自然规律所采取的缓势法吧。文学上的缓势法,也是顺应这种自然的要求而成立的。一味哭着,一味发怒,这不是我们所能受得了的。当我们的紧张到一定程度或超过一定限度而感到苦不堪言的时候,作家有时便给我们一服清凉剂,使人舒缓苦闷。不明此理者叠床架屋、强求读者的眼泪,或者欲使读者义愤填膺,这样就使人失去了余裕。过于紧张局促,至死不解自然,往往弄巧成拙,却怪读者不服,这是世间的迂腐,也是文学中的迂腐。在小说中,主题以外又插入许多闲话,为的便是要达到这种缓势的目的。或将话题分为两三个线索,穿插并行,也都是基于这种方法。钓鱼者若心急拉直钓鱼线,鱼儿就会逃脱。世相如此,文章也是如此。

    缓势法是在长篇幅中才有必要,难以在一语一句之中找到例证。故而我们宜从长篇中举例。司各特的《拉美摩尔的新娘》是叙述男女相思的作品,描写恋爱的失败,导致悲惨结局。整体上是令人悲伤的故事,于是作者便加上了一个滑稽人物,散点各处。有了这个人物,全篇就有了缓和的分子。一旦有了缓和的分子,读者便在兴味上没有窘迫不安了。莎士比亚在戏剧《麦克白》中,就特别使用了这种方法,使整篇的悲凄气氛得以舒缓。莎翁在开章第一页,便请来一群妖魔,首先点出了全篇的基调;之后,描写腥风暗雨、磷火鬼气,使魍魉之影跃然纸上,把读者吓得心惊肉跳。遂使读者在迎送去来中,始终感到惊心动魄,当此之时,忽然出现一片碧空,流入一阵和煦清风,于是读者为之稍能心安静气。看看下面所引的例子,是怎样地充满着和怡之气,而前一节又是怎样地阴森。再看看其后一段是怎样地光怪陆离、鲜血淋漓。倘若没有这一节,我们就将不堪忍受阴森之气,半途掩卷而去了。

    “Duncan. This castle hath a pleasant seat; the air

    Nimbly and sweetly recommends itself

    Unto our gentle senses.

    Banquo.   This guest of summer,

    The temple-haunting martlet, does approve,

    By his loved mansionry, that the heaven’s breath

    Smells wooingly here: no jutty, frieze,

    Buttress, nor coign of vantage, but this bird

    Hath made his pendent bed and procreant cradle:

    Where they most breed and haunt, I have observed,

    The air is delicate.”

    —— Macbeth, Act I. sc. vi. ll. 1-11.

    第二节 强势法

    强势法不是为缓和a而使用b,而是新加入b这一材料,来放大a的效果。也是对置法的一种,虽与前节所说的缓势法无异,不过由于着眼点的不同,便有必要如此分类了。

    所谓着眼点的不同是什么呢?以b及于a的影响(即从a的f扣除b的f′之后的结果)而形成对置时,即成为缓势法;再以a、b所有的f和f′为独立物,从而形成对置时,即成为强势法。为什么呢?因为这种时候,a在文学上发展而成2f,b也一样变化成为2f′。换言之,不是(f-f),而是f因有f′故成为2f,而f′因有了f故而成为2f′。就其结果而言,就与调和法不期而然地酷似了。以食物来比喻,蔬菜是食物之粗者,然而在某时某场合,这粗食便一下子等于大餐了。所谓某时某场合,比方说一农夫终日忙于耕作,辛苦一天回到家里吃饭。

    对置的强势法,就是配b于a之前,使b在某时某场合使用。普遍的a,终于是a,不能动移它;若一旦对置之以b时,a的价值便在猛然间上升了。强势法虽是对置,却与调和法异途同归,原因就在这里。鱼是食之美味,熊掌也是食之美味。在鱼之外加以熊掌,而领略来自两者相加的美味,这就类似调和法。强势法的这种搭配变化,不是将配合物相加而形成的,而是使前者的性质反映于后者之上,使后者之质得以提升。方法之不同不用说,结果的优劣也不用说,只有在宗旨目的上,两者是一致的。懂画的人大概都知道,为集视线于一点白,只有两种方法,一是加笔于白本身,二是加笔于白的周围,两种方法在结果上是一致的。白上加白,欲使其色更显著,这一方法类似于调和法;而在周围加暗色,白本身不加改动,只是使其在昏暗中凸显异彩,这就类似强势法。

    我认为,或成为强势法,或成为缓势法,其间之不同只在着眼点,这也可以举例加以证明。比如这里有百金赐予穷人,此百金既达缓和的目的,同时又有强势的作用。若穷人得此百金而救其穷,又能抚慰他的痛苦这一角度来看,那就好比是缓势法;若穷人因陷于饥饿,将此百金视为万金,从这一层面上看来,百金的价值,顷刻化成了万金,这就好比是强势法。这两者的差异,虽然只是观察点的不同,既然观察点不同,它们所唤起的情绪,在程度上,在类别上,都各有显著名特色,所以特地分出此节加以论述。以下举例说明。

    “Go thou to Richmond, and good fortune guide thee![to Dorset]

    Go thou to Richard, and good angels guard thee![to Anne]

    Go thou to sanctuary, and good thoughts possess thee![to Q. Elizabeth]

    I to my grave, where peace and rest lie with me!

    Eighty odd years of sorrow have I seen,

    And each hour’s joy wreck’d with a week of teen.”

    —— Richard III, Act IV. sc. i. ll. 92-7.

    这是自然的对置,并不是特地请几个人来反衬自己。本是对别人说话,说到自己时,才生出映照之妙,使最后一句特别提神。狄更斯描述小耐儿(Little Nell),就是用了这样的笔致:

    “But all that night, waking or in my sleep, the same thoughts recurred, and the same images retained possession of my brain. I had, ever before me, the old dark murky rooms——the gaunt suits of mail with their ghostly silent air——the faces all awry, grinning from wood and stone——the dust, and rust, and worm that lives in wood——and alone in the midst of all this lumber and decay and ugly age, the beautiful child in her gentle slumber, smiling through her light and sunny dreams.”

    —— Dickens, The Old Curiosity Shop, chap. i.

    把美丽的小耐儿和她的梦,置于老屋子、老家具、灰尘、虫子和五彩剥落的黑暗里,真仿佛点铁成金。

    至于艾略特所用以描写蒂娜(Tina)时所使用的对置,堪称天下妙文,如下:

    “In this way Tina wore out the long hours of the windy moonlight, till at last, with weary aching limbs, she lay down in bed again, and slept from mere exhaustion.

    While this poor little heart was being bruised with a weight too heavy for it, Nature was holding on her calm inexorable way, in unmoved and terrible beauty. The stars were rushing in their eternal courses; the tides swelled to the level of the last expectant weed; the sun was making brilliant day to busy nations on the other side of the swift earth.The stream of human thought and deed was hurrying and broadening onward. The astronomer was at his telescope; the great ships were labouring over the waves; the toiling eagerness of commerce, the f ierce spirit of revolution, were only ebbing in brief rest; and sleepless statesmen were dreading the possible crisis of the morrow. What were our little Tina and her trouble in this mighty torrent, rushing from one awful unknown to another? Lighter than the smallest centre of quivering life in the water-drop, hidden and uncared for as the pulse of anguish in the breast of the tiniest bird that has f luttered down to its nest with the long-sought food, and has found the nest torn and empty.”

    —— Eliot, Scenes of Clerical Life, Mr. Gilfu’s Love-Story, chap. v.

    雪莱的《在那不勒斯附近沮丧而作》(Stanzas written in Dejection, near Naples),或华兹华斯的《捞水蛭的人,或决心与自立》(The Leech-Gatherer),可以说完全是用此法构成全篇的。不过论其巧拙,则自有不同。华兹华斯的是:

    “The birds are singing in the distant woods;

    Over his own sweet voice the Stockdove broods;

    The Jay makes answer as the Magpie chatters;

    And all the air is f illed with pleasant noise of waters. ”

    The Leech-Gatherer, ll. 4-7.

    前头描写欢快的自然,到后半才说:“I saw a Man before me unawares: The oldest man he seemed that ever wore grey hairs.”(ll. 55-6.),用以点缀孤客,两者形成对置。但因中间插入了种种主观感慨或理智教训,故而几乎把对置的效果打消了。本来,他似乎是要避开突兀的对置,而用一种感想把对置的两个材料联系起来,而暗暗地由甲转移到乙。这是他用意周到之处,其实却成了他的败笔。对置必须突兀。突兀然后才能用于强势。若徐徐移步,自一极至一极时,则两极之差一时不能反映到读者眼里,所以我们可能会忽略这种反衬。像下面举出的数行诗,就对置法来说,不但无效,反而是有害的。

    “But, as it sometimes chanceth, from the might

    Of joy in minds that can no further go,

    As high as we have mounted in delight

    In our dejection do we sink as low.”

    —— Ibid., ll. 22-5.

    雪莱的作品则完全与此相反。两个材料之间不使用任何连锁,从甲转移到乙,恰似从光明的天空落下来,忽而坠入暗窖之中。从而极其明显地由对置产生感兴。

    “The sun is warm, the sky is clear,

    The waves are dancing fast and bright,

    Blue isles and snowy mountains wear

    The purple noon’s transparent might,

    The breath of the moist earth is light,

    Around its unexpanded buds;

    Like many a voice of one delight,

    The winds, the birds, the ocean f loods,

    The City’s voice itself is soft like Solitude’s.”

    —— Stanzas written in Dejection, near Naples, st. i.

    叙述优美温润之景,至此却突然一下转入“did any heart now share in my emotion”,径直抒发失意之情:

    “Alas! I have nor hope nor health,

    Nor peace within nor calm around,

    Nor that content surpassing wealth

    The sage in meditation found,

    And walked with inward glory crowned——

    Nor fame, nor power, nor love, nor leisure.

    Others I see whom these surround——

    Smiling they live, and call life pleasure;——

    To me that cup has been dealt in another measure.”

    —— Ibid., st. iii.

    大有拔地而起、巍然耸立之概。又如彭斯的名诗:

    “Ye banks and braes o’bonnie Doon,

    How can ye bloom sae fair!

    How can ye chant, ye little birds,

    And I sae fu’ o’ care!

    Thou’ll break my heart, thou bonnie bird,

    That sings upon the bough;

    Thou minds me o’the happy days

    When my fause Luve was true.”

    也是用了同样的对置法,近乎天籁妙音。

    再看最后一例:

    “He goes through shrubby walks these friends among,

    Love in their looks and honour on the tongue;

    Nay, there’s a charm beyond what nature shows,

    The bloom is softer and more sweetly glows; ——

    Pierced by no crime, and urged by no desire

    For more than true and honest hearts require,

    They feel the calm delight, and thus proceed

    Through the green lane——then linger in the mead ——

    Stray o’er the heath in all its purple bloom ——

    And pluck the blossom where the wild bees hum;

    Then through the broomy bound with ease they pass,

    And press the sandy sheep-walk’s slender grass,

    Where dwarf ish f lowers among the gorse are spread,

    And the lamb browses by the linnet’s bed;

    Then ’cross the bounding brook they make their way

    O’er its rough bridge——and there behold the bay! ——

    The ocean smiling to the fervid sun ——

    The waves that faintly fall and slowly run ——

    The ships at distance and the boats at hand;

    And now they walk upon the sea side sand,

    Counting the number and what kind they be,

    Ships softly sinking in the sleepy sea;

    Now arm in arm, now parted, they behold

    The glitt’ring waters on the shingles roll’d;

    The timid girls, half dreading their design,

    Dip the small foot in the retarded brine,

    And search for crimson weeds, which spreading f low,

    Or lie like pictures on the sand below;

    With all those bright red pebbles that the sun

    Through the small waves so softly shines upon;

    And those live lucid jellies which the eye

    Delights to trace as they swim glitt’ring by:

    Pearl-shells and rubied star-f ish they admire,

    And will arrange above the parlour-f ire, ——

    Tokens of bliss!——‘Oh! horrible! a wave

    Roars as it rises——save me, Edward! save!’

    She cries——Alas! The watchman on his way

    Calls and lets in——truth, terror, and the day!”

    —— Crabbe[1] , The Borough, Letter xxiii.

    用于对置的主要材料,不过是最后两行,其余三四十行,可以说都是为了使主要材料提高自己价值而在前头做的铺垫。这是以过去的顺境配眼下的逆境,因而叙说过去的行乐愈是详细,对目前忧愁之念的表现就愈深。游于山而不尽兴,便游于野;游于野而不尽兴,便游于水。在砂暖波清之处,与佳人携手品贝评藻,忽而大浪掀来,佳人大叫郎君救我!骇然睁眼一看,原来不是佳人,却是狱警看守的声音。自己身坐监房之中,徒待死日之来临。结句虽然仅仅两行,但截然划出明暗二境,翻一筋斗,从一处坠到另一处,故其动人至深。

    附:假对法

    一般都把“假对法”看作是寻常的对置,考之具体作品,却不尽然。若从形似来说,与上面各节所述情形略同,然而若稍加心理上的解析,便会知道它既非(f——f)这种缓势法,也不是2f或2f′这种强势法。根本上,它的结果和调和法无异,以公式来表示,大致可作(f+f)吧。虽是对置而又无对置之实,故称之为“假对法”。像那上述的《麦克白》中的门卫那一场,就是典型的例子。门卫的话,不用说是带着滑稽的。而在弑逆之血未干时,他登场了。故从其性质来看,或从配合上来看,都属于对置。尽管是对置,试分析其结果,却又不是缓势法,也不是纯粹的强势法。若能把这个分清,“假对法”便自然分明了。在此之前,先看看那门卫的话:

    “Here’s a knocking indeed! If a man were porter of hell-gate, he should have old turning the key. [Knocking within.] Knock, knock, knock! Who’s there, i’ the name of Beelzebub? Here’s a farmer, that hanged himself on the expectation of plenty: come in time; have napkins enow about you; here you’ll sweat for’t.[Knocking within.] Knock, knock! Who’s there, in the other devil’s name? Faith, here’s an equivo... -->>

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