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    我在上一章说过,文学内容就是(F+f),这里再尝试将其内容加以分类,以便告诉那些往往把文学只当作高雅的知性娱乐的人,或者对认为文学无道德成分的人:文学的范围并非如此偏狭。

    研究的第一步,应该从作为基础的简单的感觉要素说起。在论述这个问题的时候,我想援引卡尔·格罗斯[1]在《人的游戏》里面所列出的儿童娱乐的种类,逐条地加以说明。那么,就可以明白人的本能的倾向,以种种形式潜存于纯然的文学之中,已经达到了何种程度,而俗话所说的“大人是上了年纪的孩子”这句俗语的涵义,也自然得以证明。至于文学的更复杂的内容,在格罗斯的著作中是找不到例证的,故暂且不论。

    (一) 触觉

    格罗斯首先举出触觉,认为儿童所喜欢的游戏就基于这种感觉。我想依据他的分类,引用文学作品中的例子逐一加以说明。

    “Yet I’ll not shed her blood;

    Nor scar that whiter skin of hers than snow,

    And smooth as monumental alabaster.”

    —— Othello, Act V. sc. ii. ll. 3-5.

    “But O for the touch of a vanish’d hand,

    And the sound of a voice that is still!”

    —— Tennyson[2], Break, break, break.

    这样可以发现,乍一看去,不合于文学内容者,反而具有出乎意料的魅力。

    (二) 温度

    “St. Agnes’ Eve——Ah, bitter chill it was!

    The owl, for all his feathers, was a-cold;

    The hare limp’d trembling through the frozen grass,

    And silent was the f lock in woolly fold:”

    —— Keats[3], The Eve of St. Agnes.

    这里抓住了复杂的景物,形容了寒冷,虽然并不单单是寒冷的感觉直接进入(F+f),但显然是为了要唤起这种感觉才特地使用了这样的句子。可以认为这是“温度”能够作为一种文学内容而存在的一个例证。

    (三) 味觉

    食欲之类的下等感觉,不得混入所谓高尚的文学 ————这种想法,遇到如下的例子就要被打破了:

    “The board was spread with fruits and wine;

    With grapes of gold, like those that shine

    On Casbin’s hills;——pomegranates full

    Of melting sweetness, and the pears,

    And sunniest apples that Canbul

    In all its thousand gardens bears; ——

    Plantains, the golden and the green,

    Malaya’s nectar’d mangusteen;

    Prunes of Bockhara, and sweet nuts

    From the far groves of Samarcand.

    And Basra dates, and apricots,

    Seed of the Sun, from Iran’s land; ——

    With rich conserve of Visna cherries,

    Of orange f lowers, and of those berries

    That, wild and fresh, the young gazelles

    Feed on in Erac’s rocky dells.”

    —— Moore[4], Lalla Rookh, The Light of the Haram.

    此外,济慈的《圣亚尼节前夜》(“The Eve of St. Agnes”xxx.)那样的作品,甚至使得温切斯特说出这样的话:“在一流的诗作中,那基于劣等感的快乐的分子,反而占据优势。”

    (四) 嗅觉

    香味在文学中的表现,是举不胜举的。在日本,对于“花香”的表现具有一定的语法规则,由此可见一斑。

    “It was a chosen plott of fertile land,

    Emongst wide waves sett, like a little nest,

    As if it had by Natures cunning hand

    B?ne choycely picked out from all the rest,

    And laid forth for ensample of the best:

    No daintie f lowre or herbe that growes on grownd,

    No arborett with painted blossomes drest

    And smelling sweete, but there it might be fownd

    To bud out faire, and throwe her sweete smels al arownd.”

    —— Spenser[5], The Faerie Queene, Bk. II. can. vi. st. 12.

    关于嗅觉,莎翁的《麦克白》中也有恰当的例子。欲知详细,可参见《新莎士比亚剧作集注》中《麦克白》韦伯兰克(Verplanck)的观点(第257页)。“日静重帘透,风清一缕长。”中国的诗里面,每每以芳香的烟缕为材料,相信大家都已经注意到了。

    “The morn is up again, the dewy morn

    With breath all incense, and with cheek all bloom,

    Laughing the clouds away with playful scorn,

    And living as if earth contain’d no tomb ——

    And glowing into day:”

    —— Byron, Childe Harold, Can. iii. ll. 914-8.

    这虽是拟人法,但是香炷的香味能使人心旷神怡,故曰“with breath all incense”。

    (五) 听觉

    这种感觉在审美快感中占重要地位。音乐作为一种特殊的艺术样式一直独立存在,就证明了这一点。又如诗歌重视音节,崇尚韵律,无非也是为了利用这种感觉。衣声娑娑,落叶萧萧,还有风声、雨声、雷声、涛音、鸟鸣:天下万物,声音无限多样。甚至有人相信仅仅依靠听觉,便可以构成出色的文学作品。

    “Duke. If music be the food of love, play on;

    Give me excess of it, that, surfeiting,

    The appetite may sicken, and so die.

    That strain again! it had a dying fall:

    O, it come o’er my ear like the sweet sound

    That breathes upon a bank of violets.

    Stealing and giving odour!”

    —— Twelfth Night, Act I. sc. i. ll. 1-7.

    “I chatter over stony ways,

    In little sharps and trebles,

    I bubble into eddying bays,

    I babble on the pebbles.”

    —— Tennyson, The Brook.

    “I heard the water lapping on the crag,

    And the long ripple washing in the reeds.”

    —— Tennyson, The Passing of Arthur.

    “Or sweetest Shakespeare, Fancy’s child,

    Warble his native wood-notes wild.”

    —— Milton[6], L’Allegro, ll. 133-4.

    把莎翁比作鸟儿,把其诗比作鸟儿的啼鸣,可以说是世人喜欢鸟声的一个例证。

    “By this the storm grew loud apace,

    The water-wraith was shrieking;

    And in the scowl of heaven each face

    Grew dark as they were speaking.”

    —— Campbell[7], Lord Ullin’s Daughter.

    (六) 视觉

    像绘画雕刻这样的古今东西都普遍存在、并具有悠久历史的艺术样式,完全是建立在视觉基础上的。从单纯的色彩,到如人体骨骼组织那样的复杂的构成,其间在F中附带f者,举不胜举。

    (a) 光辉

    “Sparkling and bright in liquid light

    Dose the wine our goblets gleam in;

    With hue as red as the rosy bed

    Which a bee would choose to dream in.”

    —— Charles Hoffman[8], Sparkling and Bright.

    “There shot a golden splendour far and wide,

    Spangling those million poutings of the brine

    With quivering ore.”

    —— Keats, Endymion, Bk. I. ll. 350-2.

    “A violet by a mossy stone

    Half-hidden from the eye!

    ——Fair as a star, when only one

    Is shining in the sky.”

    —— Wordsworth[9], She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways.

    (b) 色彩

    “I remember, I remember

    The roses, red and white,

    The violets, and the lily-cups ——

    Those f lowers made of light!

    The lilacs when the robin built,

    And where my brother set

    The laburnum on his birthday, ——

    The tree is living yet! ”

    —— Hood[10], Past and Present.

    这一节给人的印象,是怎样地富有色彩感,一读之后就明白了(尽管没有使用红、白、绿等字眼儿)。

    “The leaves dead

    Are driven, like ghosts from an enchanter f leeing,

    Yellow, and black, and pale, and hectic red,

    Pestilence-stricken multitudes:”

    —— Shelley, Ode to the West Wind, ll. 2-5.

    “Within the shadow of the ship

    I watched their rich attire:

    Blue, glossy green, and velvet black,

    They coiled and swam; and every track

    Was a f lash of golden f ire.”

    —— Coleridge[11], Ancient Marine, ll. 277-81.

    倘若从这首诗中除掉颜色的观念,则诗的大半也就不成立了,整首诗也就将索然无味。可以说中国的诗在这方面是大放异彩的。

    红灯绿酒,白苹红蓼,麦绿菜黄,白云青山,这些词语写进诗句中,增添了不可名状的妙味。根据冯特[12]的说法,“白色会令人想起华美,绿色会想起静谧的乐趣,而红色则是势力的表征”。而通常所谓的“补色”,在色谱学上也很重要,不可忽视。

    试把红墨水在白纸上滴上一两滴,凝视它,大约过半分钟,将视线转移到白色区,那时你就会看到绿色的斑点。其原因如下:在通常的状态下,视网膜接收到完全的日光时,我们就感受到白色的印象。然而日光在多半情况下是不完全的,换言之,触到我们的视网膜的往往只是它的一部分。这时候,日光是从带色物体中反射过来的,用一句普通的话来说,就是光线是带着色彩的,而色彩就是这样产生的。这里所说的这种实验中,视网膜的一部分接收到来自红色斑点的日光,随着时间推移,便逐渐疲劳起来,以至对红色再也没有任何感应了。就在这时,来自白色物体的完全的光线一旦映照到视网膜上,其疲劳的部分对于红色已经没有感觉,所以才从完全光线中去除了红色。不过在这种情况下,绿色是和红色合成并且构成完全光线即白色的,所以绿色即是红色的补色。(参见鲍德温·布朗[13]《论艺术》)

    这种繁琐的理论不多引述了,那么颜色是怎样能够把万物来美化的呢,下面一段文字,讲得非常精到:

    一般说来,在我们的感觉世界里,再也没有比色彩感更能给予我们富于变化的、更多的快乐了。上有朗朗青空,下有蔚蓝大海,绿色的原野到处可见。从小处着眼,即有灿烂的花朵、秋日的红叶、涂抹着华美色彩的蝴蝶、背着油光闪亮金衣的甲虫、身缠五彩之虹的孔雀、散嵌着琉璃宝石的蜂雀,或着在表面瞬间出现的色彩之趣、肥皂泡、蛋白石的彩虹模样的表面,或倒映在如镜的湖水中那夕阳的灿烂等等,其颜色虽然五彩缤纷,但在其能唤起纯洁的、没有功利心的愉悦这一点上,却是共通的。仅凭感觉的刺激,无论如何也不可能在别的事物中求得这样的快感了。可以说,色彩的快感远远超然于占有欲的满足之上,而达到高尚的美的境界。( G.艾伦《色觉》,第1页)

    (c) 形状

    天地间一切物体,如果它不是抽象事物,一定具有形状,这一点与色彩之于万物是同一道理。“形”这个观念与文学内容有密切的关系,也是理所当然的。尤其是人的形体,在西洋文艺里面是引起特殊注意的,他们的诗人、小说家的作品中,一直着力加以表现,这也是完全可以理解的,故而出现了以表现曲线美为主的裸体画的专家。一直以来,关于美的形式法则问题,自柏拉图[14],毕达哥拉斯[15]的时代起,就已经异说纷纷了,常吸引学者的注意。有人说:美“基于可以用数量来表示的数理原则”,又有人主张以所谓“黄金分割律”为美的比例。所谓“黄金分割律”,就是在将一件东西进行切分的时候,长与短的部分有一个比例,论者认为在人体、高等动物的形状、植物构造、结晶体的形状、星界的配列、建筑、雕刻、绘画作品中的比例,还有音乐中音节最恰当的调和,再说得更大些,如对宇宙加以总括的自然科学及其组织结构,一概都适合于这种“黄金分割律”。(而按照费希纳[16]的说法,对这种黄金分割律不必太重视,它虽然有时也适用,但难以作为充分依据。)

    “Not hiding up an Apollonian curve

    Of neck and shoulder, nor the tenting swerve

    Of knee from knee, nor ankles pointing light;

    But rather, giving them to the f ill’d sight

    Off iciously. Sideway his face repos’d

    On one white arm, and tenderly unclos’d,

    By tenderest pressure, a faint damask mouth

    To slumbery pout; just as the morning south

    Disparts a dew-lipp’d rose.”

    —— Keats, Endymion, Bk. II. ll. 399-407.

    这里所说的是题为《沉睡的青春》(Sleeping Youth)的绘画。

    “Of all God’s works which doe this worlde adorn,

    There is no one more faire, and excellent,

    Than is man’s body both for power and forme

    Whiles it is kept in sober government.

    But none than it more foul and indecent

    Distempered through misrule and passions bace.”

    —— Spenser (quoted by Ruskin: Modern Painters. Vol. II. pt. III sec. I. chap. xiv.)

    此外的作品不遑例举,下面再举一个超乎人体的宏大的例子:

    “... When they come to model Heaven,

    And calculate the stars; how they will wield

    The mighty frame; how build, unbuild, contrive,

    To save appearances; how gird the Sphere

    With Centric and Eccentric scribbled o’er,

    Cycle and Epicycle, Orb in Orb.”

    —— Milton, Paradise Lost, Bk. VIII. ll. 79-84.

    亚当向天使拉斐尔询问天之构造。天使答道:那是神的秘密,不可窥探,我们只消仰望并赞赏就够了,不必以井蛙之智揣摩臆测之。于是他又讲述了天界的宏伟。最后两行,真是把形之美说得淋漓尽致了。我难以从天文学上得到天圈、周转圈、天体、同心圆、异心圆的概念,但是其趣味,只要在脑海中想象其宏伟壮丽之形,就已足够了。情绪是伴随着奔放的想象而产生出来的,在欣赏的时候,情绪的调动胜似一字一句的理会。

    (d) 运动

    运动的表现多出现于舞蹈,又出现于戏剧。此外是波浪的起伏蜿蜒,白云飘动翻卷,飘落的落叶或霏霏白雪,都以“运动”为美之生命。文学作品中,对运动的表现很多,不必多说。

    “Upon the margin of that moorish f lood

    Motionless as a cloud the old Man stood,

    That heareth not the loud winds when they call;

    And moveth all together, if it move at all.”

    —— Wordsworth, The Leech-Gatherer, ll. 74-7.

    关于运动,还有一点需要注意一下,就是西洋人往往特别喜欢描写猛禽飞翔时候呈现出的美感。达尔文[17]曾经在其著作《小猎犬号环球航行记》(The Voyage of the Beagle round the World)中这样写道:

    秃鹰成群,围绕某一点画一圆圈飞翔时,其状甚美。除了从地上起飞、飞上空中时,没有一只鹰摇动翅膀。我曾在利玛近处,用了约半小时目不转睛地凝视数只鸟儿。只见它们飞翔时描出了一大曲线,飞上飞下形成一个圆形,其间绝不振翅。

    请读者试将这段话和下举一节比较比较:

    “Around, around, in ceaseless circles wheeling

    With clang of wings and scream, the Eagle sailed

    Incessantly——sometimes on high concealing

    Its lessening orbs, sometimes as if it failed,

    Drooped thro’ the air; and still it shrieked and wailed

    And, casting back its eager head, with beak

    And talon unremittingly assailed

    The wreath’d Serpent, who did ever seek

    Upon his enemy’s heart a mortal wound to wreak.”

    —— Shelly, Laon and Cythna〔Revolt of Islam〕, Can. I. st. x.

    以上,举出了一些基于感觉经验的作品例子。作例之中,也许有其f之因,不能说完全是基于感觉上的经验。但是无论如何,感觉上的经验,无疑是构成了文学内容的重要成分。

    我这里是将感觉分成触、温、味、嗅、听、视六种,而分别举出作品例证,但是将这些加以综合从而形成美感也是不言而喻的。像下面要举的例子,真是五彩斑斓、光怪陆离,令人目眩,使人恍惚。仿佛坐在特鲁里街剧院观看童话剧。但要说弊端,则是过于雕琢粉饰,过于华丽,如同嗅着浓烈的香水,多少有些呛人。

    “PANTHEA.

    And from the other opening in the wood

    Rushes, with loud and whirlwind harmony, (运动,音)

    A sphere, which is as many thousand spheres, (形)

    Solid as crystal, yet through all its mass

    Flow, as through empty space, music and light: (光辉,音)

    Ten thousand orbs involving and involved, (形)

    Purple and azure, white, and green, and golden, (色)

    Sphere within sphere; and every space between (形)

    Peopled with unimaginable shapes, (形)

    Such as ghosts dream dwell in the lampless deep,

    Yet each inter-transpicuous, and they whirl (运动,光辉)

    Over each other with a thousand motions, (运动)

    Upon a thousand sightless axles spinning,

    And with the force of self-destroying swiftness, (运动)

    Intensely, slowly, solemnly roll on,

    Kindling with mingled sounds, and many tones, (音)

    Intelligible words and music wild.

    With mighty whirl the multitudinous orb (运动,色,光辉)

    Grinds the bright brook into an azure mist

    Of elemental subtlety, like light;

    And the wild odour of the forest f lowers, (嗅)

    The music of the living grass and air, (音)

    The emerald light of leaf-entangled beams (光辉,色)

    Round its intense yet self-conf licting speed, (运动)

    Seem kneaded into one aërial mass (运动)

    Which drowns the sense. Within the orb itself,

    Pillowed upon its alabaster arms, (触觉)

    Like to a child o’erwearied with sweet toil,

    On its own folded wings, and wavy hair.

    The Spirit of the Earth is laid asleep,

    And you can see its little lips are moving,

    Amid the changing light of their own smiles,

    Like one who talks of what he loves in dream.”

    —— Shelley, Prometheus Unbound, Act IV. ll. 236-68.

    以上我所列举的“F”,都是纯粹的,而且仅仅是引起简单情绪的,而“f”,是指“由某个线条、某种形体,以及颜色、声音等的复合而形成的,即来自视觉、听觉,或其他感觉经验的f”。但是这些虽说如此,我们在实际经历时,是包含着很多联想等其他作用混入的第二f。我只是认为,这种第一f即原本的f,在附属性的f混入时,依然是构成美感的一部分,并且是重要的部分。以下要举例来说明第一、第二f的混入状态:

    夏天某日,我在比利牛斯山中旅行,觉得非常疲乏,便向一个路上所邂逅的牧童求助,请他给我一杯牛奶喝。他答应了,我跟他一起来到他所居住的小屋。其房屋旁边有条小溪流,溪水中浸着牛奶瓶子。他给我喝的那碗牛奶,冰凉得甚于寒冰,当我在品尝着仿佛把整座山的香气都汇集起来的这碗牛奶时,我感觉全身舒畅,那绝不是能以“美极了”这句话所能表达的。正如同用嘴来欣赏那草原上无声的音乐。(居约[18])

    这段话说的不只是牛奶的美味,还含着一层意思,是说那牛奶里面包含着弥漫而又难以言喻的美妙之感。不过我以为,那时候牛奶本身的味道,也一定是占据着居约的快感的一部分,甚至还要占一大半。

    以上分析了单纯的感觉经验是如何作为文学内容而存在的,接着我想再举出若干实例,来说明人类的内在心理如何作为文学内容而存在。

    一般说来,这方面的材料进入文学,有两种途径。即间接的途径与直接的途径,也可以称之为客观的和主观的。前者多体现于剧本、叙事诗中,后者则多用于抒情诗。不过,不能把这个作为绝对的纯粹的区别。例如在小说中,往往是两种途径两种方式同时使用的。

    这里所说的“间接的”或“客观的”方法,是说在情绪状态唤起之前,或说明其原因,或描写身体上的征候,而将情绪本身的描写加以省略,而一任读者自由想象。至于“直接的”或“主观的”方法,则是先叙述感情本身,至于所涉及的结局和现象,则是自然而然加以附带叙述的。所以以上两种方法,一般都是混合在一起而使用的,这也是不得已的做法。这种诗学上的分类,乍看上去似乎毫无用处,但是这却可以使我在本书开篇第一句所提出的公式即文学内容是(F+f),在解释过程中不致发生错误。

    现在看看间接法,在这里,有F而没有f,而直接法则是有f而没有F。所以我为避免误会起见,对于(F+f)这个公式再附加一句话,即此公式共有三种情形:一是以(F+f)的形式出现;二是作者说出f,使读者去补充F;三是作者承担F,而使读者承担f。

    出自北门,

    忧心殷殷。

    终窭且贫,

    莫知我艰。

    已焉哉!

    天实为之,

    谓之何哉![19]

    其中,“忧心殷殷”、“已焉哉”、“谓之何哉”三句,是诗人的感情;“出自北门”、“终窭且贫”、“莫知我艰”、“天实为之”四句是F。若只是前者,则属于上述的第三种情形;若只有后者,则是上述的第二种情形,而两者合起来则是第一种情形。

    现在,我要来考察一下情绪性的精神状态进入并成为文学内容时是怎样的情形,与感觉材料的分析一样,把情绪加以分类,逐次举出作品例证,我认为较为适宜。里博把人类的情绪分为“单纯”和“复杂”两种;恐怖、愤怒、同情、自我观念,男女本能等是单纯的情绪,而善恶、宗教感情等是复杂的情绪。现在便以此试加分类。

    (一) 恐怖

    《哈姆雷特》里面的霍拉旭亲眼看见亡灵时的感慨如下:

    “A mote it is to trouble the mind’s eye.

    In the most high and palmy state of Rome,

    A little ere the mightiest Julius fell,

    The graves stood tenantless, and the sheeted dead

    Did squeak and gibber in the Roman streets.”

    —— Hamlet, Act I. sc. i. ll. 112-16.

    “I have almost forgot the taste of fears:

    The time has been, my senses would have cool’d

    To hear a night-shriek; and my fell of hair

    Would at a dismal treatise rouse and stir

    As life were in’t: I have supp’d full with horrors.”

    —— Macbeth, Act V. sc. v. ll. 9-13.

    这是麦克白在将见灭亡之前,在城中与随从说话时,听到女子的叫声时说的一段话。这里的第一句是表达恐怖征兆的F,第二句则是含有f的主观成分。顺便说一句,《麦克白》全篇基调,都可以说是以恐怖的情绪而构成的。

    (二) 愤怒

    “Achilles’ wrath, to Greece the direful spring

    Of woes unnumber’d, heavenly goddess, sing!

    That wrath which hurl’d to Pluto’s gloomy reign

    The souls of mighty chiefs untimely slain.”

    —— Pope, The Iliad.

    众所周知,这是蒲柏[20]的英译《伊利亚特》开篇第一句。一开始就面对诗神吟咏出阿基琉斯的愤怒之情;换言之,这里无非是告诉读者,全诗的二十四卷的中心,全在写这位英雄的愤怒。有“万古不易”之称的《伊利亚特》,可以说是以“愤怒”为基本情绪而形成的。

    其次,将愤怒的情绪发挥得淋漓尽致的,是在人们的所谓的“争斗”中来表现的。“争斗”自古以来就与文学有着密切的关系,古代作品如《伊利亚特》中的战争,然后是《失乐园》中的撒旦与耶和华的交战,或司各特[21]的五幕剧《湖上夫人》中的菲茨杰姆斯和罗德里克的单挑,或六幕剧《马米恩》中的弗洛登战役,都是很著名的,可资参考。

    “He spoke; and Rustum answer’d not, but hurl’d

    His spear: down from the shoulder, down it came,

    As on same partridge in the corn a hawk,

    That long has tower’d in the airy clouds,

    Drops like a plummet; Sohrab saw it come,

    And Sprang aside, quick as a f lash: the spear

    Hiss’d, and went quivering down into the sand,

    Which it sent f lying wide:——Then Sohrab threw

    In turn, and full struck Rustum’s shield: sharp rang,

    The iron plates rang sharp, but turn’d the spear.”

    —— M. Arnold, Sohrab and Rustum, ll. 398-407.

    “Then each at once his falchion drew,

    Each on the ground his scabbard threw,

    Each looked to sun, and stream, and plain,

    As what they ne’er might see again;

    Then foot, and point, and eye opposed,

    In dubious strife they darkly closed.”

    —— Scott, The Lady of the Lake, Can. V. st. xiv.

    “愤怒”虽有种种表现,但最能表现愤怒的,是战争、杀戮和破坏。然而,愤怒的表现却能够伴随着一种快感,而观看和阅读的人也能感觉到一种特殊的兴奋。(不用说,愤怒的产生是极其令人不快的,而愤怒的当事者,也是很不痛快的。)故而古今文学家们都喜欢表现这种感情,即便到了文明程度较高的今天,其表现力依然不减。在古代诗歌中有《出猎切维山》(Chevy Chase)[22],在戏剧文学中更举不胜举,不过像莎翁的作品《科里奥兰纳斯》(Coriolanus)、《亨利六世》(Henry VI)中的塔尔博、《理查三世》(Tal-bot. Richard III)的最后一段“A horse! a horse! my kingdom for a horse”,都可以说是描写格斗的文学名段了。特别是在《理查三世》的那段文字中,写理查德三世失马,以狮子跳跃之势召马一句,将那种激越的感情表现得淋漓尽致,读者可以参考。这里顺便将《科里奥兰纳斯》里面的描写格斗的部分摘录如下:

    “Mar.          Sir, it is;

    And I am constant. Titus Lartius, thou

    Shalt see me once more strike at Tullus’ face.

    What, art thou stiff ?”

    —— Act I. sc. i. ll. 242-5.

    这是《科里奥兰纳斯》开头的所表现出的气概,那么其对手的气势又是怎么样的呢?

    “If we and Caius Marcius chance to meet,

    Tis sworn between us we shall ever strike

    Till one can do no more.”

    —— Act I. sc. ii. ll. 34-6.

    到了开始战争的时候,科里奥兰纳斯大骂自己的战友:

    “You souls geese,

    That bear the shapes of men, how have you run

    From slaves that apes would beat! Pluto and hell!

    All hurt behind; backs red, and faces pale

    With f light and agued fear! Mend and charge home,

    Or, by the f ires of heaven, I’ll leave the foe

    And make my wars on you: look to ’t: come on;

    If you’ll stand fast, we’ll beat them to their wives,

    As they us to our trenches followed.”

    —— Act I. sc. iv. ll. 34-42.

    当两人格斗时,有这样的对话:

    “Mar.   I’ll f ight with none but thee; for I do hate thee

    Worse than a promise-breaker.

    Auf.         We hate alike:

    Not Afric owns a serpent I abhor

    More than thy fame and envy. Fix thy foot.

    Mar. Let the f irst budger die the other’s slave,

    And the gods doom him after!

    Auf.         If I f ly, Marcius,

    Holloa me like a hare.

    Mar.      Within these three hours, Tullus,

    Alone I fought on your Corioli walls,

    And made what work I pleased: ‘tis not my blood

    Wherein thou seest me mask’d; for thy revenge

    Wrench up thy power to the highest.

    Auf.         Wert thou the Hector

    That was the whip of your bragg’d progeny,

    Thou should’st not scape me here.

    [They f ight, and certain Volsces come in the aid of Auf idius.

    Marcius f ights till they be driven in breathless.

    Off icious, and not valiant, you have shamed me

    In your condemned second.

    [Exeunt.”

    —— Act I. sc. viii. ll. 1-15.

    科里奥兰纳斯的母亲看着受伤的儿子,骄傲地说:

    “Vol. He had, before this last expedition, twenty-f ive wounds upon him. ”

    —— Act II. sc. i. ll. 169-70.

    可见,格斗(亦即愤怒的表现)在文学作品是怎样被表现的了。

    (三) 同感

    里博接着又举了“同感”即“温暖的同情”这种情绪。当然,这里所谓“同感”(sympathy)之意,并不是我们日常所使用的那种含义,若对其词语加以深究,就是sym=together, pathy=feeling,即与他人的感情相同之意。人怒我怒,人泣我泣,换言之就是心理上的契合。在这种意义上,有时与“模仿”、“感染”是同义词。这个意义上的词语,在文艺理论上当然有论述的必要。我们之所以喜欢文艺作品,可以说是基于“模仿”(内部的)或“感染”(托尔斯泰)。这种本能性的情绪,在欣赏文艺作品时是须臾不可缺少的。这种意思上的同感乃是第一阶段。再进而入第二阶段时,就不单是心理上的契合,而是“心理的契合+情绪”了。作为文学内容的同感,始终都需要进入这第二阶段的。同样地,对他人的同情、哀怜,也是基于这种感情。

    这里应该注意的,就是这种本能与作为恋爱之基础的两性本能完全是不同的两回事。心理学家一般认为这是基于同类相怜的一种天性。(可参见劳埃德·摩根的《动物的行为》第五章;汤姆生[23]的《动物生活研究》第154页至第166页;里博的《情感心理学》第237页。)

    现在需要从英国文学里面简单地举例,来说明这种本能的感情作为文学内容是如何表现的。

    要举的这个例子就是戈黛娃[24]的故事,那原是真人真事,一直是人们口口相传的,到了近代英国文学中,被两个大作家采用为素材,于是更加广为人知。一个是兰德[25] ,他的《假想对话录》中就有描写。埃利斯[26]评论说:“在许多会话中,像这一段优美的言辞,无可比拟。”兰德是用散文诗来表述吟咏这个故事的,而用诗歌的形式加以吟咏的,则是丁尼生勋爵的《戈黛娃》。

    我们先看看兰德是如何处理这一材料的。

    (a) 兰德的对话描写从新婚夫妇骑马到Coventry开始。戈黛娃说:“There is a dearth in the land, my sweet Leofric! Remember how many weeks of drought we have had, even in the deep pastures of Leicestershire.”贫民诉苦道:“Although we were accompanied by many brave spearmen and skilful archers, it was perilous to pass the creatures which the farm-yard dogs, driven from the hearth by the poverty of their masters, were tearing and devouring; ...”丈夫说:“那么,我也到城里,住在圣米歇尔修道院彻夜向神祷告吧!”妻子说:“我也去祷告!”并且说:“Would my own dear husband hear me, if I implored him for what is easier to accomplish,——what he can do like God?”请求他在饥馑旱灾之年,免掉民众的租税。

    利奥弗里克生气地说:“They have omitted to send me my dues, established by my ancestors, well knowing of our nuptials, and of the charges and festivities they require, and that in a season of such scarcity my own lands are insuff icient.”

    这时,妻子申辩道:“There are those among them who kissed me in my infancy, and who blessed me at the baptismal font. Leofric, Leofric! The f irst old man I meet I shall think is one of these; and I shall think on the blessing he gave, and (ah me!) on the blessing I bring back to him. My heart will bleed, will burst; and he will weep at it! He will weep, poor soul, for the wife of a cruel lord who denounces vengeance on him, who carries death into his family!”

    经过这样的反复争辩,丈夫终于答应妻子的要求,但附加了一个条件:“Yea, Godiva, by the holy rood, will I pardon the city, when thou ridest naked at noontide through the streets!”

    一个妙龄少妇,要在光天化日之下赤身裸体,而且还要骑马绕街而行,这在平常人是无法答应的,然而若不答应,则又不能帮助那些贫民摆脱困苦,于是便陷入了“同情”与“体面”之间的矛盾苦恼。

    最后,这位女士下了决心,宁可失掉体面,也要使自己的同情心得到满足。她说:“But perhaps my innocence may save me from reproach; and how many as innocent are in fear and famine! No eye will open on me but fresh from tears. What a young mother for so large a family! Shall my youth harm me? Under God’s hand it gives me courage. Ah! When will the morning come? Ah! When will the noon be over?”兰德的会话到此结束。

    (b) 丁尼生就进一步,写到了戈黛娃裸体绕街的情形。写她终于摆脱了烦闷:

    “So left alone, the passions of her mind,

    As winds from all compass shift and blow,

    Made war upon each other for an hour,

    Till pity won.”

    —— Godiva.

    于是下令全市居民,到正午之前,不准任何人走出门外,不准任何人探视门外,必须关门闭户待在家中。这样戈黛娃便脱掉衣服,像走向屠场的羊似的走出门外,平安无事地绕完了大街。那时候有一个蠢人为好奇心所驱使,从墙缝中窥视,便一下子双目失明。这是丁尼生笔下的《戈黛娃》的故事梗概。

    文学作品中描写同感的例子,多得举不胜举,在此不多引证了。上述的例子饶有趣味,我把它简单介绍了一下,这是以同情一般民众为中心的。下面要举的例子,则完全是从优美的忍耐与克己这一角度,描写了父女间存在的同情。

    这个故事也是出于兰德的《假想对话录》,是伊索(Æsop)与罗多庇斯(Rhodopè)之间的对话。少女罗多庇斯将她幼时被卖为奴的经过,讲给同属奴隶的伊索听。

    罗多庇斯的父亲,把米柜里所存最后的粮食卖掉,买了一件镶着大红边的衣裳,惘然地盯着米柜。一无所知的罗多庇斯以为米柜之中有什么有趣的东西,走过去一看,却是空空如也。父亲把那件新衣给她穿上,她觉得非常开心,自己采了一朵花插在头上,又插一朵在胸前。然后和父亲一齐来到了贩卖奴隶的市场。买者虽然极其赏识罗多庇斯的美丽,但因她体弱,无人肯买她。“Many would have bought the chlamys, but there was something less saleable in the child and f lowers. ”虽然也不是没有人来问价,可是没有一个人肯出她父亲所希望的价钱。这样一个去了一个来,罗多庇斯反觉得很有趣,每来一个人她就笑笑,以为这只是一种好玩的游戏。

    父亲对一位买主说:“I think I know thee by name, O guest! Surely thou art Xanthus the Samian. Deliver this child from famine.”但是罗多庇斯只是笑。克桑托斯(Xanthus)关心地问她:“你饿不饿呀?”罗多庇斯回答说刚吃过饭,因为她以为这也只是闹着玩的(虽然长年过着贫苦的生活,父亲却未曾让她挨饿过一次)。克桑托斯从口袋里拿出小麦做的点心和蜜饯给她,罗多庇斯先把蜜饯送到父亲嘴上,父亲却接过来扔到地上,说:“Seizing the bread, he began to devour it ferociously.”但是,她仍以为这是闹着玩的。

    父亲一边讲完价钱,一边把女儿交给克桑托斯。父亲最后的话是:“The gods are ever with thee, O Xanthus; therefore to thee do I consign my child.”

    罗多庇斯被买主抱着,回头一看,“Saw her father struggling on the ground, livid and speechless.” 罗多庇斯自己的感想是:“The more violent my cries, the more rapidly they hurried me away; and many were soon between us. Little was I suspicious that he had suffered the pangs of famine long before: alas! and he had suffered them for me.”伊索听完长篇故事之后,深有感触地说:“It was sublime humanity: it was forbearance and self-denial which even the immortal gods have never shown us. He could endure to perish by those torments which alone are both acute and slow; he could number the steps of death and miss not one; but he could never see thy tears, nor let thee see his. O weakness above all fortitude! Glory to the man who rather bears a grief corroding his breast, than permits it to prowl beyond, and to prey on the tender and compassionate!”罗多庇斯又想起这件事发生前一天晚上的事情,接着说:那天晚上,我父亲坐在床边,捡拾那些散落在架子上的碎面包,好像在叹息饭不够吃。这期间我装着睡觉,后来又装着忽然醒了,求我父亲唱歌给我听,好让我睡。那首歌的最后的一节是:“Thou shalt behold that fairest and that fondest one hereafter. But f irst thou must go unto the land of the lotos, where famine never cometh, and where alone the works of man are immortal.”

    我以为这短小的散文,在英国文学里面是最为优美感人的一篇。贯穿全篇故事的核心无非是父女之间的爱,即广义上的所谓“sympathy”。不消说除了同感、同情以外,也有别的感情表现,如孩童的顽皮,以及孩子被父亲娇惯的淘气样等等,这些都使它成为千古不朽的名文。详情可参阅原文。

    (四) 接下来就是自我之情,即关于ego的感情。

    这里有积极与消极两种。积极包含气概、傲气、逞强、胁迫等,消极包含退让、细心、慎行等。

    先看属于积极之感情的“气概”,最先想到的,是弥尔顿所描写的魔王。他的气概,不是像孔雀开屏那样的虚荣,而是越失败、愈陷于困境,就越有气概。换言之,是谦和退让、失望相对而言的那种气概。他为重新夺回天界,而在地狱中的巢穴里聚集部下商讨战略行动计划:

    “High on a throne of royal state, which far

    Outshone the wealth of Ormus and of Ind,

    ...

    Satan exalted sat, by merit raised

    To that bad eminence; and, from despair

    Thus high uplifted beyond hope, aspires

    Beyond thus high, insatiate to pursue

    Vain war with Heaven; and, by success untaught,

    His proud imaginations thus display’d:”

    —— Milton, Paradise Lost, Bk. II. ll. 1-10.

    有批评家说,弥尔顿笔下的魔王,人格过于伟大,故容易引起读者的同感,这样反而是有害的。的确,对其伟大的性格,怎能不引起人们的叹赏之情呢?而所赞赏的,就在于他的百折不挠、至死不屈的气概上。

    再举一个例子,科里奥兰纳斯曾与全体罗马市民作对,坚持按他的信念行事,于是人们都恨他,合伙想加害于他。他知道了此事,却昂然地说:

    “Let them pull all about mine ears, present me

    Death on the wheel or at wild horse’s heels,

    Or pile ten hills on the Tarpeian rock,

    That the precipitation might down stretch

    Below the beam of sight, yet will I still

    Be thus to them.”

    —— Shakespeare, Coriolanus, Act III. sc. ii. ll. 1-6.

    若用一句汉语成语来评论,这便可以说是“大义凛然”了。

    以上是从自我感情的积极方面之中,以“气概”为例,看看它是如何作为文学之内容被表现的;下面我们再看看消极方面,说一说“忍耐”。

    文学作品中所表现的忍耐,最普遍、最感人的,是将思恋之情加以克制和忍耐。在这方面,是与不自觉、小心、害羞等自我感情的消极方面的诸种性质相关联的。英国文学中表现这种感情的佳作,便是表现这种忍耐之情的《第十二夜》。

    (a) 维奥拉是个男装的女子,做奥西诺公爵的侍者,屡次替公爵送信给公爵的恋人奥丽维亚伯爵夫人,但是奥丽维亚竟然无情地一直不给回信。有一次公爵对着维奥拉,说起他和奥丽维亚的恋爱,说在恋爱方面,男女的表现是各有不同的,他这样说道:

    “There is no woman’ sides

    Can bide the beating of so strong a passion

    As love doth give my heart; no woman’s heart

    So big, to hold so much; they lack retention.”

    —— Shakespeare, Twelfth Night, Act II. sc. iv. 11. 96-9.

    但维奥拉对此却充耳不闻,只顾将自己的苦恼的恋情说出来。公爵问道:

    “And what’s her history?

    Viola. A blank, my lord. She never told her love,

    But let concealment, like a worm i’ the bud,

    Feed on her damask cheek: she pined in thought,

    And with a green and yellow melancholy,

    She sat, like patience on a monument,

    Smiling at grief. Was not this love indeed?

    We men may say more, swear more: but indeed

    Our shows are more than will; for still we prove

    Much in our vows, but little in our love.”

    —— 11. 112-21.

    这段话的内容不消说不只限于忍耐,而是将忍耐与恋爱混合在一起的巧妙描写。

    (b) 以上说的是恋爱中的忍耐,下面要说的是与此稍为不同的“容忍”的例子。那就是表现妻子对丈夫的顺从之德。我之所以在这里选了这样一个例子,为的是要证明这种感情如何作为文学内容加以表现,同时还有别的用意。在尊重夫人的西洋社会,这种例子看起来似乎很稀奇,在近代的英国文学中,找出这种例子是很难的。不消说,妻子对丈夫的顺从,是世间常情,在任何时代,这种事情作为文学内容是很常见的。然而这里要讲的例子实在可以说是西洋文学中极为罕见的。所描写的,是现代妇女绝对忍受不了的那种痛苦。关于“忍耐的格瑞瑟达” 的故事(虽然玛利亚·埃奇沃思[27]的小说中有《现代格瑞瑟达》,但内容上并不相同)迄今为止被三大文豪所处理过:一是薄伽丘[28]的《十日谈》里面第十日的第十个故事;二是彼特拉克[29]用拉丁语写成小说,名之曰(《关于传说中妻子的诚实和顺从的故事》)(De Obedientia ac Fide Uxoria Mythologia);三是英国文学中乔叟[30]以其浓墨重彩,在《坎特伯雷故事集》里,以《学生的故事》(The Clerkes Tale)为题,作为瑰宝永久地留存下来了,但是乔叟的材料来自彼特拉克,正如他在前言中所说:

    “He is now deed and nayled in his cheste,

    I prey to god so yeve his soule reste!

    Fraunceys Petrark, the laureate poete,

    Highte this clerk, whos rethoryke sweete

    Enlumined al Itaille of poetrye.”

    —— ll. 29-33.

    以下是格瑞瑟达的故事:从前意大利有一个萨卢佐领主也是个年轻的侯爵,名叫沃尔特,终日在山上狩猎,完全不想娶妻生子之类的事,也完全不为自己的前途名利着想,于是家臣们都为他担忧,想为他再找一个贞淑女子为伴。但他毫不理会,认为与一个不知心的女子过日子,是人生的大不幸。然而他又不能随便拒绝家臣们的真诚忠告,于是最终很谨慎地娶了一个农家姑娘。

    “Janicula〔Giannicolo〕men of that throp him calle.

    A doghter hadde he, fair y-nogh to sighte,

    And Grisildis〔Griselda〕this yonge mayden highte.”

    —— ll. 208-10.

    侯爵把他的新娘介绍给家臣时说:

    “‘This is my wyf,’ quod he, ‘that standeth here.

    Honoureth hir, and loveth hir, I preye,

    Who-so me loveth; ther is na-more to seye.’”

    —— ll. 369-71.

    属下都赞赏新娘,为她求寿祈福,觉得侯爵有知人之明,但是过了不久,侯爵不知何故,忽然想试一试夫人的忍耐程度,于是 ————

    ① 他对着夫人说:你出身卑贱之家,入此侯爵之门,众家臣都有不满,怨声不绝于耳。

    “They seyn, to hem it is greet shame and wo

    For to be subgets and ben in servage

    To thee, that born art of a small village. ”

    —— ll. 481-3.

    但是夫人却只是听着,自认其身份低贱,唯有为现在的身份之高而心怀谢意。

    ② 第二次的试验,方法与上次稍异。格瑞瑟达结婚后生了一女,侯爵便叫使者去说:“对不起,请你把孩子交给我;这是侯爵的命令,没办法。”格瑞瑟达虽不是没想到孩子的抚养,但因为这是丈夫的命令,她没有哭,也不叹气,便把孩子交了出去。

    ③ 生的第二个孩子是男孩儿。侯爵说:人们对你心里不服气,如果你生的这个儿子要承继我的一切,则:

    “When Walter is agoon,

    Then shal the blood of Janicle succede>

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